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  • Pages
  • Editions
01 Cover
02 Welcome Letter / Sections
03 Article & Interview Directory
04 Section 1: Introduction
05 Introduction to Mining in Ontario
06 Government of Ontario Interview
07 Ontario Mining Association (OMA) Interview
08 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Interview
09 Navigating Uncertainty
10 Ormston List Frawley LLP Interview
11 PDAC Interview
12 Section 2: Production and Development in Ontario
13 Production in Ontario
14 Map of Ontario Mines
15 Newmont Interview
16 Barrick Gold Interview
17 Wesdome Gold Mines Interview
18 Alamos Gold Interview
19 Evolution Mining Interview
20 A New Wave of Ontario Gold Mines
21 Argonaut Gold Interview
22 Equinox Gold Interview
23 Industry Thoughts: Production and Development in Ontario
24 Section 3: Mining Finance
25 Mining Finance and Investment
26 Insights from the Toronto Stock Exchange
27 PearTree Securities Interview
28 Triple Flag Interview
29 Red Cloud Securities Interview
30 IBK Capital Interview
31 Stifel Interview
32 Roth Canada Interview
33 Industry Thoughts: Mining Finance Trends
34 Section 4: Toronto's Global Reach
35 Toronto’s Global Reach
36 Toronto's Global Reach Map
37 Rupert Resources Interview
38 Eloro Resources Interview
39 Industry Thoughts: Global Operations Based in Ontario
40 Eyes on Latin America
41 Torex Gold Resources Interview
42 Minera Alamos Interview
43 Sable Resources Interview
44 Section 5: Junior Exploration
45 Junior Exploration
46 Great Bear Resources Interview
47 Exploring Across Canada
48 O3 Mining Interview
49 Purepoint Uranium Group Interview
50 ALX Resources Interview
51 Industry Thoughts: Gold Juniors Have Their Say
52 Gold Juniors Replacing Depleting Resources
53 Moneta Gold Interview
54 Goldshore Resources Interview
55 Galleon Gold Interview
56 Element79 Gold Interview
57 Signature Resources Interview
58 Section 6: ESG and the Battery Materials Supply Chain
59 Transition Metals on the Rise
60 Conquest Resources Interview
61 Generation Mining Interview
62 Inventus Mining Interview
63 Noble Mineral Exploration Interview
64 The Move to Combat Climate Change Gathers Pace
65 Insights from Onyen Corporation
66 Thorn Associates Interview
67 Leading the Charge
68 Electra Battery Materials Interview
69 Frontier Lithium Interview
70 Industry Thoughts: Entering The Transition Economy
71 The Battery Material Supply Chain
72 ION Energy Interview
73 Clean Air Metals Interview
74 Section 7: Services, Technology and Innovation
75 Engineering, Construction & Consultancies
76 Ausenco Interview
77 Cementation Americas Interview
78 PCL Construction Interview
79 Redpath Mining Interview
80 Technological Advancements & Innovation
81 Industry Thoughts: Canadian Associations
82 EY Interview
83 Maestro Digital Mine Interview
84 Centric Mining Systems Interview
85 Industry Thoughts: OEMs Have Their Say
86 Drone Delivery Canada Interview
87 Sofvie Interview
88 Novamera Interview
89 Industry Thoughts: Paving the Way for ESG Reporting
90 Section 8: Company Profiles
91 Wesdome Company Profile
92 ION Energy Company Profile
93 PearTree Securities Company Profile
94 Ormston List Frawley Company Profile
95 Maestro Digital Mine Company Profile
96 Sofvie Company Profile
97 Credits

Trevor Walker, President and CEO,

FRONTIER LITHIUM

"Our PAK lithium project is unique because it presents us with the ability to have both extraction and downstream lithium refining, all within a relatively confined geographic area in the Great Lakes Region, and near the end-users of the product."

Can you provide us with details regarding Frontier’s PAK lithium project in Ontario?

Early in my tenure with the predecessor of what is now Frontier Lithium, I began thinking about the potential of rare metals. A discovery made by the Ontario Government in 1999 in northwestern Ontario caught my attention as it had the potential to host rare metals, and what I would learn later was high grade, high quantity lithium bearing spodumene. A short time later the decision was made to focus our efforts on one asset, the PAK lithium project, which is located about 150 km north of Red Lake. Since 2010, we have made four discoveries, two of which (the PAK and Spark deposits) have strong potential to become open pit mines to supply the feedstock required to produce lithium chemicals. Work is required on the other two discoveries to determine their potential as mines.

Recognizing that the move towards electrification and batteries would be more of an evolution than a revolution, we took a cautious approach by de-risking the asset and growing the deposit to the size required to support downstream production of lithium chemicals. The PEA, released five months ago, assessed the business case for a fully integrated operation with two open pits and a mill. The mill would take a 2% lithium resource and turn it into 6% lithium concentrate where it would then be transported to a chemical production facility within the Great Lakes region to produce lithium chemicals. This is the model that we feel maximizes the value of the project and the one we are pursuing. To support the pre-feasibility study, we continue to advance the work required, including the ongoing delineation drilling on the Spark deposit, which remains open in all directions.

How and why is the project’s positioning within the Electric Avenue district beneficial?

Electric Avenue is the most extensive, contiguous corridor of lithium-bearing pegmatites in Ontario. It is essentially an area that has historically yielded discoveries of the mineral spodumene with low impurities. Our PAK lithium project is unique because it presents us with the ability to have both extraction and downstream lithium refining all within a relatively confined geographic area within the Great Lakes Region and near the end-users of the product. It has the potential to limit overall production costs and greenhouse gas emissions.

How is demand for lithium unfolding?

Roughly, half of the world’s lithium is produced in Australia with the remainder produced in China and South America. Much is then shipped to China to undergo conversion into chemicals. It is then transported to other markets, such as Japan and South Korea, to produce the active materials that go into batteries made for a variety of end uses.

The growth in EV manufacturing globally has been the catalyst for much of the lithium demand we are seeing. Announcements and investments from EV manufacturers, coupled with increasing societal awareness of the importance of cutting global carbon emissions, are continuing to drive demand for lithium. With the market for lithium expected to grow over the next five years and our proximal location to large automobile OEM hubs in southern Ontario and Michigan, Frontier Lithium is well-positioned to supply Canadian, North American and, potentially, European markets with high quality lithium depending on the need.

Can you tell us more about your lithium chemicals test work and how it has evolved?

Frontier Lithium is performing an internal scoping study to assess how best to manufacture high quality lithium chemicals from its feedstock. Of importance to us is the ability to produce a high quality, consistent lithium chemical sustainably, which means we can do so economically and in a manner that minimizes environmental impacts. With funding assistance from the Government of Ontario, we are currently assessing two processing options, one is a sulphate process route and the other uses an alkaline process route. When this work is completed, we will look at the pros and cons of each process and determine the next steps. Consistent with our pre-feasibility study, we plan to make a lithium chemicals processing decision by the end of the year or early in 2022.

Next:

Industry Thoughts: Entering the Transition Economy